30 Studia Praehistorica in Honorem Janez Dular Zbirka / Series Uredniki zbirke / Editors of the series OPERA INSTITUTI ARCHAEOLOGICI SLOVENIAE 30 Jana Horvat, Andrej Pleterski, Anton Velušček Sneža Tecco Hvala (ur. / ed.) Studia Praehistorica in Honorem Janez Dular Recenzenta / Reviewed by Jezikovni pregled / Language Editors Tehnična ureditev / Technical Editor Oblikovanje ovitka / Front cover design Priprava slikovnega gradiva in prelom / Preparation of illustrations and DTP Izdala in založila / Published by Zanju / Represented by Glavni urednik / Editor-in-Chief Tisk / Printed by Andrej Gaspari, Timotej Kniic, Biba Teržan Ada Černoša, Marjeta Humar, Špela Križ, Dušan Merhar Primož Pavlin Izid knjige sta podprla / Published with the support of Ovitek / Cover Tamara Korošec Mateja Belak Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU, Založba ZRC Oto Luthar, Jana Horvat Aleš Pogačnik Present d. o. o., Ljubljana Javna agencija za raziskovalno dejavnost RS, Znanstvenoraziskovalni center SAZU Glinasta igura konjička iz Podzemlja / Clay horse statuete from Podzemelj (foto / photo: Tomaž Lauko © Narodni muzej Slovenije; risba / drawing: Dragica Kniic Lunder) CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 902(497.4):929Dular J.(082) 903(497.4)(082) STUDIA praehistorica in honorem Janez Dular / uredila, edited by Sneža Tecco Hvala. - Ljubljana : Inštitut za arheologijo ZRC SAZU : Založba ZRC, 2014. - (Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae ; 30) ISBN 978-961-254-702-8 1. Tecco Hvala, Sneža 274115840 © 2014, ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo, Založba ZRC Vse pravice pridržane. Noben del te knjige ne sme biti reproduciran, shranjen ali prepisan v kateri koli obliki oz. na kateri koli način, bodisi elektronsko, mehansko, s fotokopiranjem, snemanjem ali kako drugače, brez predhodnega pisnega dovoljenja lastnikov avtorskih pravic. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. Studia Praehistorica in Honorem Janez Dular Uredila / Edited by Sneža Tecco Hvala LJUBLJANA 2014 VSEBINA Portret Janeza Dularja (Sneža TECCO HVALA) ............................................................................................................. 11 Izbrana bibliograija Janeza Dularja (Sneža TECCO HVALA, Primož PAVLIN) ....................................................... 15 Bakrena doba v Pomurju (Irena ŠAVEL) .......................................................................................................................... 19 Kolišča na Ljubljanskem barju (Anton VELUŠČEK, Katarina ČUFAR) ...................................................................... 39 Maslo, vino ali med? Razmislek o posebni obliki dna posod z Gradine Monkodonja pri Rovinju v Istri (Povzetek) (Anja HELLMUTH) ....................................................................................................................................................... 75 Dva groba kasne faze kulture polja sa žarama iz Belišća (Podravina, Hrvatska) (Povzetek) (Daria LOŽNJAK DIZDAR)........................................................................................................................................................................... 88 Poznobronastodobni grob 79 iz Kainacha pri Wildonu, o. Weitendorf, Avstrijska Štajerska (Povzetek) (Christoph GUTJAHR) ................................................................................................................................................ 108 Brončane sjekire sa zaliscima u zbirci Arheološkog muzeja Istre u Puli (Kristina MIHOVILIĆ) .......................... 113 Bronastodobna polnoročajna meča iz Ljubljanice (Peter TURK). Z dodatkom: RTG-radiograija bronastih polnoročajnih mečev iz Ljubljanice (Zoran MILIĆ) ................................................................................................ 123 Zgodnje zlato iz Avstrijske Koroške (Povzetek) (Paul GLEIRSCHER) ........................................................................ 147 K simboliki konjskih lobanj v grobovih iz poznega žarnogrobiščnega in starejšega halštatskega obdobja (Povzetek) (Petra KMEŤOVÁ, Susanne STEGMANN-RAJTÁR) ........................................................................... 165 Ormož in Hajndl – prispevek k raziskovanju kulturne krajine v zgodnji železni dobi (Marko MELE) ................. 167 Pokrajina in politika identitet utrjene naselbine na Pošteli (Povzetek) (Dimitrij MLEKUŽ, Matija ČREŠNAR) ........... 211 Kučar pri Podzemlju: železnodobni kompleks gradišča in njegovo zaledje v luči arheoloških raziskav po letu 1979 (Povzetek) (Philip MASON) .................................................................................................................. 223 Pozabljene in odstrte železnodobne najdbe iz Podzemlja (Lucija GRAHEK) ........................................................... 225 Starejšeželeznodobna gomila iz Reve pri Dobrniču (Borut KRIŽ). Z dodatkom: Antropološka analiza kostnih ostnakov iz groba 15/3 iz Reve pri Dobrniču (Petra LEBEN SELJAK) .................................................................. 239 CONTENTS Portrait of Janez Dular (Sneža TECCO HVALA) ............................................................................................................ 11 Selected bibliography of Janez Dular (Sneža TECCO HVALA, Primož PAVLIN) ..................................................... 15 Copper Age in the Pomurje region, Slovenia (Summary) (Irena ŠAVEL) .................................................................... 30 Pile-dwellings at Ljubljansko barje (Translation) (Anton VELUŠČEK, Katarina ČUFAR) ........................................ 57 Butter, Wein oder Honig? Betrachtungen zu einer besonderen Gefäßbodenform aus der Gradina von Monkodonja bei Rovinj in Istrien (Anja HELLMUTH) ......................................................................................................... 65 Two graves of the Late Urnield period from Belišće (Podravina region, Croatia) (Daria LOŽNJAK DIZDAR) ....... 81 Das spätbronzezeitliche Grab 79 aus dem Gräberfeld von Kainach bei Wildon, Gem. Weitendorf, Stmk. (Christoph GUTJAHR). With a contribution: Anthropologische Bestimmung der Leichenbrandreste aus Grab 79 des Spätbronze- und Früheisenzeitlichen Gräberfeldes von Kainach bei Wildon, Gem. Weitendorf, Stmk. (Silvia RENHART) ............................................................................................................................................... 91 Bronze winged axes in the collection of the Archaeological Museum of Istria in Pula, Croatia (Summary) (Kristina MIHOVILIĆ) ................................................................................................................................................ 120 Two Bronze Age solid-hilted swords from the River Ljubljanica (Translation) (Peter TURK) ............................... 133 Frühes Gold aus Kärnten (Paul GLEIRSCHER) ............................................................................................................ 137 Zur symbolischen Bestattung von Pferdeschädeln in Gräbern der späten Urnenfelder- und älteren Hallstattzeit (Petra KMEŤOVÁ, Susanne STEGMANN-RAJTÁR) ............................................................................................. 149 Ormož und Hajndl – ein Beitrag zur Erforschung einer Kulturlandschat in der älteren Eisenzeit (Zusammenfassung) (Marko MELE) ........................................................................................................................... 192 Landscape and identity politics of the Poštela hillfort (Dimitrij MLEKUŽ, Matija ČREŠNAR) ............................ 197 Kučar near Podzemelj: an Iron Age hillfort complex and its environs in the light of archaeological ieldwork since 1979 (Philip MASON) ........................................................................................................................................ 213 Iron Age inds from Podzemelj – forgotten and found again (Summary) (Lucija GRAHEK) ................................. 236 Early Iron Age barrow from Reva near Dobrnič (Summary) (Borut KRIŽ) .............................................................. 248 Prvi med prvimi – o centralnem grobu gomile I na Kapiteljski njivi v Novem mestu (Biba TERŽAN). Z dodatkom: Analiza belega pigmenta na keramiki iz centralnega groba gomile I s Kapiteljske njive v Novem mestu (Žiga ŠMIT)..................................................................................................................................................................... 251 Grob z dvogrebenasto čelado in konjem, izkopan pri Vačah leta 1887 (Povzetek) (Dragan BOŽIČ) .................... 284 Lončarjeva delavnica ob “obrtni poti” v železnodobni naselbini na Mostu na Soči (Drago SVOLJŠAK) ............. 287 Keramični oltar iz halštatske naselbine Kotare-Baza pri Murski Soboti (Branko KERMAN) ................................. 297 Zahodnopanonski vijčki (Andrej PRELOŽNIK) ........................................................................................................... 311 Lončene situle iz starejše železne dobe na območju Slovenije (Sneža TECCO HVALA) ......................................... 323 Starejšeželeznodobni košarasti obeski, okrašeni z vodoravnimi črtami (Primož PAVLIN) .................................... 341 Kasnolatenski ratnički grob iz Maloga Bilača (Požeška kotlina, Hrvatska) (Povzetek) (Marko DIZDAR, Hrvoje POTREBICA) ........................................................................................................................................................................ 373 Latensko grobišče na Kapiteljski njivi v Novem mestu: kronološka in prostorska analiza (Vojka CESTNIK) ..... 377 Staroslovanski žarni grob s Kapiteljske njive v Novem mestu (Mateja BELAK) ....................................................... 397 Konstrukcija brez sledu. Staroslovanske zemljanke iz Prekmurja in pastirski stan z obrežja Skadarskega jezera (Mitja GUŠTIN) ............................................................................................................................................................ 405 First among irsts – the central grave of tumulus I at the Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto (Translation) (Biba TERŽAN) ....................................................................................................................................................................... 263 Das Doppelkammhelm- und Pferdegrab, ausgegraben bei Vače im Jahre 1887 (Dragan BOŽIČ) ........................ 271 Pottery workshop on the ‘artisans’ street’ in the Iron Age settlement at Most na Soči (Summary) (Drago SVOLJŠAK) .................................................................................................................................................................... 294 Clay altar from the Hallstatt settlement at Kotare-Baza near Murska Sobota (Summary) (Branko KERMAN) ....... 305 West Pannonian spindle whorls (Translation) (Andrej PRELOŽNIK) ....................................................................... 319 Early Iron Age ceramic situlae from Slovenia (Summary) (Sneža TECCO HVALA) .............................................. 338 Early Iron Age basket-shaped pendants with horizontal line decoration (Translation) (Primož PAVLIN) .......... 350 Late La Tène warrior grave from Mali Bilač (Požega Valley, Croatia) (Marko DIZDAR, Hrvoje POTREBICA) ...... 355 La Tène necropolis at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto: a chronological and spatial analysis (Summary) (Vojka CESTNIK) ...................................................................................................................................................................... 395 Early Medieval cremation grave from Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto, Slovenia (Translation) (Mateja BELAK) .... 402 Traceless construction. Early Slavic pit-huts from the Prekmurje region, Slovenia, and a shepherd’s dwelling on the shores of Lake Skadar, Montenegro (Summary) (Mitja GUŠTIN) ............................................................. 413 Studia Praehistorica in Honorem Janez Dular, Opera Instituti Archaeologici Sloveniae 30, 2014, 355–376 LATE LA TÈNE WARRIOR GRAVE FROM MALI BILAČ (POŽEGA VALLEY, CROATIA) KASNOLATENSKI RATNIČKI GROB IZ MALOGA BILAČA (POŽEŠKA KOTLINA, HRVATSKA) Marko DIZDAR, Hrvoje POTREBICA Izvleček Orožje ter fragmenti bronastih in glinastih posod, ki so bili najdeni v vasi Mali Bilač na severozahodnem pobočju Dilja, pripadajo verjetno dvojnemu bojevniškemu grobu. Kovinske najdbe – meč, nožnica, ščitna grba, ibula in fragmenti bronastih posod – so ključnega pomena za kronološko opreditev groba, ki ga lahko datiramo v zgodnjo fazo poznolatenskega obdobja – LT D1. Prav tako omogočajo opredelitev vloge tega najdišča v mreži komunikacij. Najbližje analogije za najdbe iz Malega Bilača najdemo v grobiščih Skordiskov, ki so verjetno nadzirali vzhodni del Požeške kotline in povezavo z osrednjim delom Posavja. Orožje kaže, da sta bila v grobu pokopana pomembna bojevnika, o njunem statusu govore dragoceni predmeti, kot so bronaste posode, ki so tja prišle s trgovinsko ali blagovno menjavo. To je v poznolatenskem času nadzirala vojaška elita, ki je zelo verjetno predstavljala osnovno politično in gospodarsko moč družbe, kljub različnim plemenskim identitetam. Ključne besede: Severna Hrvaška, Požeška kotlina, mlajša železna doba, LT D1, grobovi, orožje, bronaste posode, keramika, vojaške elite, identitete Abstract he village of Mali Bilač, situated on the north-western slopes of Mount Dilj, yielded weapons and other metal objects, as well as ceramic vessels that probably represent the goods of a double warrior grave. he metal inds, more precisely swords and scabbards, a shield boss, a ibula and fragments of bronze vessels, enabled us to date the grave to the irst part of the Late La Tène period, i.e. LT D1, but also aid in determining the position of the site within the communications network. he inds from Mali Bilač have close analogies in those from the cemeteries of the Scordisci. hey probably controlled the eastern part of the Požega Valley, which was connected with the central Sava Valley. he weaponry suggests that the burial was that of prominent warriors who displayed their status through prestige goods, which include bronze vessels. hese vessels arrived to the area through the trade and exchange network controlled by the Late La Tène warrior elite which, regardless of various tribal identities, most probably represented the basic political and economic power of the society at that time. Keywords: Northern Croatia, Požega Valley, Late Iron Age, LT D1, graves, weaponry, bronze vessels, pottery, warrior elite, identities 355 Marko DIZDAR, Hrvoje POTREBICA Fig. 1: Position of Mali Bilač. Sl. 1: Položaj Maloga Bilača. he Požega Valley, located in the central Slavonia region, yielded inds from all phases of the La Tène culture. he inds from the grave/s at Velika and a zoomorphic ibula from Bilač bear witness to the process of the Early Celtization of the south Pannonian Plain during the irst half of the 4th century BC. During the second half, the south-eastern part of the Plain was settled by Celts who, together with the indigenous population, formed the community of the Scordisci. he Orljava river and the eastern slopes of the Slavonian Mountains are considered as the western boundary of the Scordisci, while the Požega Valley was a peripheral zone under their control (Popović 1994; Dizdar, Potrebica 2002). he speciic material culture revealed by the Late Iron Age sites in the Požega Valley is marked by the presence of an indigenous Pannonian heritage linked to the tribe of the Breuci. It is supposed that the western part of the Slavonian Mountains corresponds to Pliny’s (n.h. 3.25.148) Mons Claudius, which separated the Scordisci from the Taurisci, who inhabited the area west of the Požega Valley and the mountain chain of Papuk and Psunj (Dizdar, Potrebica 2002). he late phase of the Early (LT B2) and the Middle La Tène periods (LT C1–2) in the Požega Valley are only attested to by sporadic inds, which nevertheless bear witness to the continuous development of the La Tène culture. he picture changes in the Late La Tène, which let behind a large number of sites, including lowland settlements, mostly located along the Orljava and Londža rivers (Dizdar, Potrebica 2002, 118). his conirms the assumption of the valley’s orientation toward the south and toward the region along the Sava river, similarly as during the Early and the Middle La Tène period. A Late La Tène date can also be attributed to several important chance inds of warrior equipment, such as those from Vučjak (Dizdar, Potrebica 2002, 113, Pl. 7: 1,2) and Paka (Dizdar, Potrebica 2005, 60, Fig. 2). he most important Late La Tène site in the Požega Valley was found by chance in 1993 at Mali Bilač, in the eastern Požega Valley, on the north-western slopes of Mount Dilj above the Londža (Fig. 1). Finds that probably originated from a destroyed Late La Tène cremation grave were found on the surface of a modern cemetery. A few years later, these inds were shown to Ivica Samardžić, director of the Nature Park Papuk, who informed archaeologists in Požega and Zagreb. Some of these inds now form part of a private collection, while others were lost during the following years. Apart from those discussed below, the grave reportedly included a few other inds that have not survived (Dizdar, Potrebica 2002, 116–117, 123, Fig. 2). Further fragments were collected in 2003 outside the cemetery and assumed to have belonged to the same group of inds (Dizdar, Potrebica 2003). According to the information provided by the excavator, the inds were heaped together at a depth of around 0.60m, suggesting a single, rich grave (Grave 1). he collected inds point to a cemetery situated on a narrow and long ridge with the northern slope descending gently towards the Londža, while the steep western and eastern slopes overlook small valleys (Fig. 2). he weaponry assemblage consists of two swords with fragments of scabbards and other, partly surviving warrior equipment (spears, shield bosses). Other inds include items of costume (ibula) and fragments of ceramic and bronze vessels. he swords with fragments of scabbards show traces of bending, which suggests that the inds came from a cremation burial, probably from a double warrior grave dating from the late 2nd and beginning of the 1st century BC (Dizdar, Potrebica 2002, 116–117, 123, Fig. 2; 2003; 2005, 58–60, Fig. 1). In 2010, trial trenching was carried out around the modern cemetery in advance of machine earthworks. he excavated area yielded fragments of ceramic vessels conirming the existence of a Late La Tène site. 356 LATE LA TÈNE WARRIOR GRAVE FROM MALI BILAČ (POŽEGA VALLEY, CROATIA) each side of the pronounced central rib and a further narrow and barely visible rib running along either side of the edge. he swords are inserted in scabbards. hese have a reinforcement in the shape of two horizontal letters S on the front (Pl. 1: 2), while the chape is shaped as a wide letter V with two pointed clamps on either side (Pl. 1: 3). A suspension loop with elongated loop-plates is on the back. he swords in scabbards, together with the other items, date the grave to LT D1, i.e. to the end of the 2nd or beginning of the 1st century BC (Dizdar, Potrebica 2002, 113–114, 116, 123, Fig. 2; 2003, 41). Grave 1 reportedly also contained several long spearheads, but these are now lost. his is characteristic of LT D1 graves of the Scordisci (Božič 1981, 319, 322). Swords in scabbards with a long and uniformly wide blade and a rounded tip were used in battle exclusively for slashing (Božič 1984, 80). hese swords from sites of the Scordisci are dated to the Belgrade 3a phase, that is to LT D1 (Božič 1981, 319, Pl. 3: 30; Guštin 1984, 326–327, Fig. 15: 12; Božič 2008, 146, Tab. 5). Swords in scabbards of LT D1 typological features are the most numerously represented type at the Karaburma cemetery (Todorović 1972: Graves 13, 92, 97, 222). Other inds from Scordiscan sites (Fig. 9) most probably come from destroyed graves. he same date is attributed to swords in scabbards of identical or similar typological features from the cemeteries of the Mokronog group, i.e. the Mokronog IIIa phase (Božič 1987, 876, Fig. 46: 1, Pl. 88: 1; 1993, 143; 1999, 210; Gaspari 2007, 144). he LT D1 swords from the territories of the Scordisci and the Taurisci have a tang of a rhombic cross section that very oten terminates in a small knob. hey have high campanulate hilt-ends that are sometimes lat at the top. Swords with a straight hilt-end and a corresponding shape of the scabbard mouth are known from sites north of the Alps dating to the beginning of the Late La Tène (Pernet 2006, 36). he swords generally have wide blades with a three-rhombic cross section, a groove on either side of the central rib and lateral ribs along either side of the blade edge, while blades with a pronounced central rib are rare. hree-rhombic cross section of sword blades is common at sites of the Scordisci and in the warrior graves of the Padea-Panagjurski Kolonii group (Łuczkiewicz, Schönfelder 2011, 172). Such a cross section also appears on the swords of the Mokronog group (Gaspari 2007, 145, Fig. 2: 1; 2009, 247, Cat. No. 30d) and, according to hierry Lejars, begins to appear on swords at the beginning of the Late La Tène period (Lejars 1996, 90). he tip of the blade is rounded, which is a trait that Lejars dates to the end of LT C2, coinciding with an increased sword length (Lejars 1996, 90, Fig. 6: 2). he rounded tips on the swords from Scordiscan and Tauriscan cemeteries are characteristic of LT D1 (Božič 1984, 80). A single sword, from Ostrovo near Vršac, revealed a crescent-shaped stamp on the Fig. 2: Position of the cemetery in Mali Bilač. Sl. 2: Položaj groblja u Malom Bilaču. he trench in the southern part of the ridge yielded the remains of two cremation graves with fragments of ceramic vessels and bronze items. he graves date to LT D1 and conirm the existence of a Late La Tène cemetery that had probably been completely destroyed during recent construction works (Dizdar, Potrebica 2012). Although the cemetery is destroyed, the collected inds, especially those from the double warrior grave, underline the importance of the site situated on the communication route leading along the Londža in the eastern part of the Požega Valley and its connection with the Sava Valley in the south. SWORDS AND SCABBARDS he most important items of the weaponry from Grave 1 at Mali Bilač are two bent iron swords with fragments of iron scabbards. he swords are 94 and 96cm long, respectively. One has a tang of a rhombic cross section (Pl. 1: 1), while the tang of the other sword has an oval cross section in the upper and a rhombic one in the lower part (Pl. 1: 2). he tang terminates in a small lat knob. Towards the blade, it extends into a high campanulate hilt-end, which is lat in the centre. he swords have a long blade of uniform width over the entire length that ends in a rounded tip. he blades have a three-rhombic cross section with two wide grooves on 357 Marko DIZDAR, Hrvoje POTREBICA upper part of the blade (Menghin 1926–1927, 28, Fig. 6; Hunyady 1942, Pl. 46: 6; Todorović 1965, 74; 1968, 26, 67, Pl. 48: 7). he scabbards of LT D1 swords have a high campanulate mouth, rarely subtriangular. he front of the scabbard can have plastic reinforcements, mostly in the form of two connected and horizontally positioned letters S (so-called S-reinforcements) or rarely a horizontal striped or lateral reinforcement (Lejars 1994, 30, 38, no. 9; Pernet 2006, 36, Fig. 2.5; Sievers 2010, 16, right; Łuczkiewicz, Schönfelder 2011, 178–182, Tab. 3, Fig. 17). A fragment of the scabbard from Dolge njive in Vrhnika has four circles connected with tangents and another horizontal reinforcement above that (Horvat 1990, 265, Cat. No. 94, Pl. 4: 14; Horvat, Mušič 2007, 167, Fig. 6: 5). A similar reinforcement is found on a scabbard of one of the two Late La Tène swords from Tumulus 6 at Dobrava near Dobrnič, which has three horizontal letters S above four circles connected with tangents (Stare 1973a, 745, 761, Cat. No. 119, Pl. 12: 2). he S-reinforcement is considered an aesthetic solution for the technical problem of reinforcing the scabbard mouth (Lejars 1994, 86–87; 2003, 35, Fig. 21: 6) and it sometimes appears together with a Swiss-style scabbard decoration, which is documented on the scabbards of Group 7 dated to late LT C2 or the LT C2/D1 transition. he origin is seen in certain scabbards decorated in the Hungarian style or with dragons of Type III, which could show how the idea of transformation was carried out and subsequently continued at the beginning of LT D1 (Lejars 1996, 84; 2003, 34–35). his type of scabbard reinforcement is common in the Eastern Celtic Area and on the territory of the Przeworsk culture (Łuczkiewicz, Schönfelder 2011, 181–182). he short scabbard from Karaburma (Fig. 3) was only decorated with motifs of concentric circles (Todorović 1968a; 1971, 115, Cat. No. 449, Pls. 53: 4, 88: 38), which conirms that Late La Tène scabbards were rarely decorated (Lejars 2003, 35). On the back, scabbards have a suspension loop, mostly with elongated oval or cordate loop-plates. Other shapes are rare, for example narrow and long loop-plates (Lejars 1994, 27, 30, nos. 3–10; Pernet 2006, 36, Fig. 2.5). Wide oval loop-plates on the scabbard from Ritopek are decorated with incised zigzag lines (Todorović 1967, 156, Pl. 5: 16). A scabbard from the Ljubljanica river (Gaspari 2007, 141, Fig. 2: 1) has narrow and long plates such as can be traced from northern Italy to Poland (Mangelsdorf, Schönfelder 2001, 93–106, Fig. 3: 4). he shape and length of the chape represent an important aid in the typological and chronological attribution of scabbards. he front side bears circular chape-clamps at the top, while the back bears a straight chape-bridge. The scabbard from Pod kotom-sever has circular plates decorated with concentric circles (Kerman 2009, 285, Fig. 4: 2). Towards the end, shaped as a triangle or a wide letter V, there are two pointed clamps (Vorsprung) on either side. hese double clamps are a typological feature of the Late La Tène period (Łuczkiewicz, Schönfelder 2011, 172–173, Fig. 12). Analogies for the Late La Tène swords and scabbards from Mali Bilač, but also from other cemeteries of the Scordisci and the Taurisci, have been documented on the territory of the Padea-Panagjurski Kolonii group in northern Bulgaria and south-western Romania, while only a few analogous Late La Tène grave inds are known from central Europe. he closest analogies can be found in south-eastern Transdanubia. he warrior Grave 8 in the Late La Tène–Roman cemetery at Pécs-Hőerőmű yielded a sword with a pronounced central rib of LT D1 typological characteristics, in association with a spear, knife and the upper part of a bronze bucket (Fig. 7). he upper part of the scabbard bears lateral reinforcements and a suspension loop with oval loop-plates. he chape-end has a horizontal straight bridge and another horizontal reinforcement below. he wide chape-end is V-shaped with two pointed clamps on either side (Maráz 2008, 70, Fig. 10: 4,5). Cserkút yielded a warrior grave containing a sword with a three-rhombic cross section in a scabbard with oval loop-plates (Maráz 2008, 68, Fig. 5: 2,3). A sword in a scabbard with an S-reinforcement at the top of the front and with a wide V-shaped chape-end with pointed clamps is known from a destroyed LT D1 warrior grave at Hird-Homokbánya in Baranya (Petres 1979, 193). Véménd yielded a LT D1 warrior cremation grave with a bent sword in its scabbard. he blade of the sword has a pronounced central rib, while the scabbard has an S-reinforcement (Hunyady 1942, Pl. 17: 3; Maráz 2008, 70, Fig. 9: 1). Besides the mentioned inds from the area between Mecsek and the Danube and Drava rivers, contemporary Late La Tène warrior equipment has very rarely been found at other Late La Tène sites in central Europe. Hoard I/68 from the oppidum at Pohanská near Plavecké Podhradie revealed part of a scabbard with a high campanulate mouth, lateral and S-reinforcements on the front and a suspension loop with elongated loop-plates on the back (Zachar 1976, 90–93, Pls. 1, 2, Fig. 1: 5; Pieta 2005, 49, Pl. 8: 3). Parts of swords (high campanulate hilt-ends) and scabbards (double-S horizontal reinforcements, belt suspension loops, fragments of chapes with pointed protrusions) datable to LT D1 are known from the Staré Hradisko oppidum (Meduna 1961, Pls. 30, 31; 1970, Pl. 11: 5, 6) and Stradonice (Píč 1903, 72–73, Pl. 30: 1–5,11). Most probably from a destroyed LT D1 cremation grave from Blatnica comes a sword in a scabbard with elongated oval loop-plates from a suspension loop, a V-shaped chape-end with two pointed clamps on either side and a transverse reinforcement above (Pieta 2005, 50, Pl. 8: 2). Analogies for swords and scabbards from the sites of the Scordisci have been documented in large numbers in the context of LT D1 graves of the Padea-Panagjurski Kolonii group, particularly those with a three-rhombic 358 LATE LA TÈNE WARRIOR GRAVE FROM MALI BILAČ (POŽEGA VALLEY, CROATIA) Fig. 3: Sword in scabbard from Karaburma (ater Todorović 1971). Sl. 3: Mač u koricama s Karaburme (prema Todorović 1971). 359 Marko DIZDAR, Hrvoje POTREBICA cross section of the blade, as well as for the scabbards with S-reinforcements and a V-shaped chape-end with two pointed clamps on either side (Todorović 1968, 94, 104, Figs. 24: 1,2,6, 26: 2, 28: 13, 29: 1; Rustoiu 2002, 15, Fig. 2: 2; Łuczkiewicz, Schönfelder 2011, 172–182, Figs. 12, 13). Also interesting are similarities in the three-rhombic cross section of the blade and scabbard reinforcements from the inds from Poland (Łuczkiewicz 2002, 366–367, Fig. 7: IIA1; 2006, 28–30, Fig. 3: 1,2). Swords and scabbards from the cemeteries of the Mokronog group also have analogies at the mentioned Scordiscan and central European sites. We can conclude that Late La Tène swords and scabbards from the area of the Scordisci are characterised by a three-rhombic cross section of the blade, rhombic cross section of the tang and chape-ends in the shape of a wide letter V with four protrusions, two on either side. Interestingly, northern Italy yielded scabbards that show typological features of Group 7, which stands at the very end of the development of Middle La Tène scabbards, and thus precede the appearance of the mentioned Late La Tène forms. Scabbards of Group 7 have long chapes with parallel edges, divided, based on the length and shape, into Variants 7A1, 7A2 and 7B (Lejars 1994, 24–25, 38, 53–54). A scabbard from Grave 3 at Mokronog, with a V-shaped chape-end and a single remaining pointed clamp (Guštin 1977, 72, Pl. 10: 3), could belong to this group (Type 7A). he transitional type of scabbards, with chape-ends of Variants 7A–B is still missing at cemeteries of the Scordisci, where only scabbards of Group 6 have as yet been documented for LT C2. Numerous scabbards of Group 7 have been recorded at cemeteries in the area of Verona. At the cemetery of S. Maria di Zevio-Mirandola, for example, a number of graves with swords in their scabbards date to the late phase of LT C2 or transition to LT D1. Swords in scabbards of Phase I were found in several graves (88, 90C, 92, 106, 131). hese scabbards show a chronological contemporaneity of the Swiss-style decoration and the S-reinforcement or reinforcement in the shape of four crescents, which will later be found on scabbards from LT D1 (Salzani 1996, Pls. 35: 11, 39: 3, 40: 10, 41: 14, 48: 1). Swords that belong to Phase II (LT D1a) (Graves 6, 104, 135 and 137) have a tang of rectangular or rhomboid cross section, a pronounced central rib on the blade or a blade of lenticular cross section. Scabbards have an Sreinforcement or a horizontal transverse reinforcement at the top, while V-shaped chape-ends have one or two clamps on either side and a transverse reinforcement above them. hey also have a straight chape-bridge (Salzani 1996, 97, 98, Pls. 7: 12, 46: 2, 63: 7, 65: 1). A scabbard of the sword from Gomoria, dated to the LT C2/LT D1 transition, also has a long chapeend of Variant 7B with round chape-plates, a straight chape-bridge and a double S-reinforcement (Vitali 1989, 18, Fig. 5: 15). A scabbard from Introbio has an Sreinforcement and a chape-end of Variant 7A, which still exhibits the late features of Middle La Tène scabbards with bird-shaped chape-clamps on the front (De Marinis 1977, 37, Pl. 10: 11). Fragments of LT D1 scabbards are further known from the ritual site at Monte Sorantri (Righi 2001, 115, Figs. 9, 10). In the three-rhombic cross section of the blade, the LT D1 swords in their scabbards from Mali Bilač have analogies in the Giubiasco cemetery. Similar scabbards of Type 2 have been divided into two variants, which are distinguished on the basis of morphological features of the chape-end. Fragments from Mali Bilač belong to Variant 2b, characterized by round chape-clamps and a straight chape-bridge (Pernet 2006, 40, Fig. 2.8). he analogies for the scabbards of this variant have been documented in the previously mentioned cemeteries in northern Italy, dating to the end of LT C2 and beginning of LT D1. At present, it seems that the two variants – 2a and 2b – are contemporary (Pernet 2006, 40, Fig. 2.8). Certain Late La Tène typological characteristics are also visible on the scabbards of Variant 7A2 from the Gournay sanctuary. he chape has an additional transverse reinforcement and a pointed clamp towards the end of the chape, the terminal of which is either triangular or in the shape of a wide letter V (Lejars 1994, 24–25, 181, Cat. No. 1428, 226, Cat. No. 2790, 228, Cat. No. 3100/3169). he LT C2 scabbard from the Ribemont sanctuary bears a triskele below the mouth, with a plastic S-reinforcement below. he decoration below the campanulate mouth combines a plastic triskele, i.e. Swiss-style decoration, with an S-reinforcement, which is also to be found on the GSA 1551 scabbard from Gournay that is among the latest in the sanctuary, dated to the irst half of the 2nd century BC (Lejars 1996a, 618–619, Fig. 3; 2003, 34, Fig. 21: 4). hese inds point to the early appearance of S-reinforcements, which are partly contemporaneous with the Swiss-style scabbard decoration during LT C2, as corroborated by the inds from the cemeteries in northern Italy (Lejars 2003, 34, Fig. 21: 5,6). Other analogies for the LT D1 swords and scabbards from sites of the Scordisci and the Taurisci have been documented in southern Bavaria, where Late La Tène swords mostly represent individual water inds. A sword from Kelheim has a three-rhombic cross section and was associated by a round shield boss, a long spear and a graphite pot with vertical combed decoration and a bronze jug of the Kelheim type (Krämer 1985, 35, 137, Pl. 70: 1). Kelheim yielded another sword with the same typological features (Krämer 1985, 35, Pl. 70: 6). It is interesting that scabbards of the Ludwigshafen type, which are characteristic of the area north of the Alps, have not yet been documented at the sites of the Taurisci in the south-eastern Alpine region (Schaaf 1984, 622–623, Fig. 12; Perrin, Schönfelder 2003, 71–73, Fig. 40). 360 LATE LA TÈNE WARRIOR GRAVE FROM MALI BILAČ (POŽEGA VALLEY, CROATIA) he above-mentioned analogies have enabled us to date the swords and scabbards from Mali Bilač to LT D1, while their workshop remains unknown, though it was certainly situated in the area. he analogies have also shown that parallels for the Late La Tène swords and scabbards from the cemeteries of the Scordisci and the Taurisci are to be found among the rare known inds from the area of south-eastern Transdanubia, as well as central Europe. Finds from Scordiscan sites have more analogies from the graves of the Padea-Panagjurski Kolonii group. he same is true of the inds from the area of the Mokronog group, which also yielded earlier scabbards, of Group 7, otherwise absent at the sites of the Scordisci. In northern Italy, scabbards of Group 7 are known from LT C2, when new typological features appear that are also to be found on later scabbards from LT D1, such as the S-reinforcement, round chape-clamps and the straight chape-bridge on top of the chape, but also the pointed clamps. he reason perhaps lies in the lack of knowledge on the graves of the Scordisci datable to the transition from the Middle to the Late La Tène period, but it could also be that, during this period, the Scordisci were involved in a diferent communication network. In the area settled by the Taurisci, certain grave groups of the Mokronog IIb phase or the transition to Phase IIIa revealed scabbards of the transitional Group 7 with chapes of Variants 7A (Mokronog). hese are followed by typical Mokronog IIIa forms, which are well represented and comprise inds from Roje, Magdalenska Gora and the Ljubljanica river. he south-eastern and central European analogies for the swords in their scabbards from the sites of the Mokronog group conirm the previously noted intensive contacts during the Late La Tène period (Božič 1993; 1998). The shield bosses of the Mokronog-Arquà Petrarca type are known from graves of the Mokronog group (Mokronog IIIa phase) and from cemeteries in northern Italy, where they have been dated to LT D1 (Guštin 1991, 57–58, Fig. 30; Lippert 1992, 292, Fig. 3; Božič 1999, 198; Guštin 2001, 353; Righi 2001; Guštin 2002, 15–16, Fig. 2; Gaspari 2009a, 322, Fig. 6: 6). he wing on the shield boss from Mali Bilač corresponds in shape to those with three lat-headed rivets from the Late La Tène cemeteries at Roje (Knez 1977, Pl. 8: 3) and Strmec above Bela Cerkev (Stare 1973, Pl. 51: 6; Dular 1991, Pl. 61: 10), which represent an eastern variant ater Dragan Božič that is widespread in Slovenia. A shield boss from Grave 150 from Kapiteljska njiva in Novo Mesto has similarly shaped wings to those from Mali Bilač, with a single rivet hole on each wing (Križ 2005, Pl. 33). he Mokronog-Arquà Petrarca shield boss indicates links between central Slavonia and the area of the Mokronog group. FIBULA he grave contained an iron smooth wire ibula of the Middle La Tène scheme with a low elongated bow of rounded cross section and a reverted foot attached to the central part of the bow with a clasp with transverse grooves along the edges. he bow thickens toward the spring of four large coils connected with an external chord (Pl. 2: 2) (Dizdar, Potrebica 2003, 41–42). Grave 1 at Mokronog yielded a similar iron ibula, the bow of which thickens toward the spring of four large coils and an external chord. he foot is long and attached to the bow near the spring. he grave was dated irst to the transitional Phase 4 and later to the Late La Tène Mokronog IIIa phase based on the sword in its scabbard as the latest ind in the grave (Guštin 1977, 72, Pl. 9: 1; Božič 1999, 198). his type of iron ibulae appears in male graves during LT C2 as evidenced by the inds from the graves at Dobova (Guštin 1984, 331, Fig. 19: 18; Božič 1984, Fig. 22; Božič 1987, 876, Fig. 45: 7,10) or Slatina near Celje (Pirkmajer 1991, Pls. 6: 32, 18: 123). SHIELD BOSS Grave 1 from Mali Bilač also revealed a defensive component of the warrior equipment, more precisely a shield boss. he grave reportedly contained two shield bosses, but only one fragment has survived, of a wing from a Mokronog-Arquà Petrarca type shield boss. he wing has very out-lung tips and one rivet hole. he mid-section was probably ovoid or elongated (Pl. 2: 1) (Dizdar, Potrebica 2003, 41; 2005, 58–59, Fig. 1). his type of shield bosses conirms the LT D1 date suggested above by the swords and scabbards. his is easternmost umbo of this type if disregarding the ind from Srijemski Karlovci in Syrmia, which probably belongs to the Skorba type dated to LT C2 (Majnarić-Pandžić 1970, 46, Pl. 39: 11). he diference between the Skorba and the Mokronog-Arquà Petrarca types is in the shape of the wings, but also in the number of rivets; the former have one rivet per wing and the latter three. KNIFE AND SPEARS FROM PAKA Not far from Mali Bilač, at the village of Paka, also on the north-western slopes of Mount Dilj above the Londža river, a ‘hoard’ of iron spears and knives of Late La Tène typological characteristics was found in the early 1970s. he only surviving items are three long spearheads and a knife with a hilt plate (Fig. 4). It is possible that these inds actually represent the goods from destroyed graves, considering the fact that Late La Tène warrior graves from the cemeteries of the Scordisci 361 Marko DIZDAR, Hrvoje POTREBICA Fig. 4: Iron inds from Paka. Scale 1:3. Sl. 4: Željezni nalazi iz Pake. M. = 1:3. frequently contain two or more spears (Božič 1981, 322, 329; 1984, 80; Guštin 1984, 327). One of the spearheads from Paka has a long blade of a narrow rhombic cross section and a short socket. his type appeared in the Late La Tène period in the Danube region (Božič 1981, 312, 319, Form 32, Pl. 3: 32; Gaspari 2009, 250, Cat. No. 33c). Long spearheads with a rhombic cross section of the blade have been found in warrior graves at the cemeteries of Karaburma and Rospi Ćuprija; in a grave from Vinča and at the cemetery in 362 LATE LA TÈNE WARRIOR GRAVE FROM MALI BILAČ (POŽEGA VALLEY, CROATIA) Fig. 5: Iron knives from Sotin (ater Božič 1981) (1), Donji Laminci (ater Truhelka 1901) (2) and Pécs-Hőerőmű (ater Maráz 2008) (3). Scale 1:3. Sl. 5: Željezni noževi iz Sotina (ater Božič 1981) (1), Donjih Laminaca (prema Truhelka 1901) (2) i Pécs-Hőerőmű (prema Maráz 2008) (3). M. = 1:3. Boljevci, all dated to the Belgrade 3a phase (Vasić 1950, 15, Fig. 1; Todorović 1963, Y51, 2, Y53, 5–6; MajnarićPandžić 1970, Pl. 2: 7,8; Todorović 1972, Pls. 5: 5,6, 11: 2 etc.). A similar spearhead is known from Donji Laminci in the Sava Valley (Truhelka 1901, 27, Pl. 5: 2). he other two spearheads have longer sockets and probably narrow blades with a pronounced central rib of a trapezoidal cross section. hey have transverse grooves at the end of the socket and a hole above them. Both sides of the blade were decorated with motifs of concentric circles surrounded with small dots, which are connected with a line of small dots. his type of spearheads appeared in Late Hallstatt graves (late horizon of the Certosa phase), for instance at the nearby site of Donja Dolina (Marić 1964, Pl. 11: 1,3,5), while the decoration of concentric circles appears on the blades of Late La Tène tanged knifes (Todorović 1972, Pls. 5: 14/1, 7: 18/5; Božič 1981, 320, Form 37, Pl. 3: 37). he spearheads from Pleven, Kamburovo and warrior Grave 3 from Sofronievo in Bulgaria, which have a similar trapezoidal cross section of the central rib, have been dated to LT D1 (Łuczkiewicz, Schönfelder 2011, Figs. 19: 4, 26: 2, 29). he iron knife from Paka has a long and narrow triangular blade with a shallow wide groove on both sides and a lat hilt plate with a rivet surviving in it (Fig. 4). he end of the hilt plate is missing (Dizdar, Potrebica 2005, Fig. 2). he closest analogy is a knife from Grave III at Zmajevac in Sotin (Fig. 5: 1). he elongated triangular blade has a reinforcement along the back of the blade, which bears a wide shallow groove on both sides. he lat hilt plate has three rivets. he grave was dated to the Belgrade 3a phase (Majnarić-Pandžić 1972–1973, 58, Pl. 4: 2; Božič 1981, Pl. 9: 8). Similar and other types of knives with curved blades found at cemeteries of the 363 Marko DIZDAR, Hrvoje POTREBICA Fig. 6: Iron knives from Ribić (ater Čurčić 1900) (1, 2), Podzemelj (ater Dular 1978) (3) and the Ljubljanica River (ater Gaspari 2007) (4). Scale 1:3. Sl. 6: Željezni noževi: iz Ribića (prema Čurčić 1900) (1, 2), Podzemelja (prema Dular 1978) (3) i Ljubljanice (prema Gaspari 2007) (4). M. = 1:3. Scordisci have also been dated to the Belgrade 3a phase (Božič 1981, 320, Pl. 3). A knife from Donji Laminci has a curved, almost triangular blade and a lat hilt plate with rivets (Fig. 5: 2), which corresponds to the knife from Paka (Truhelka 1901, 27–28, Pl. 6: 1). Grave 3 at the Pécs-Hőerőmű cemetery contained a knife with a decorated elongated triangular blade and a lat hilt plate with a rivet (Fig. 5: 3) (Maráz 2008, Fig. 10: 1). he grave has been dated to LT D1 on the basis of associated inds. he Ljubljanica river yielded an iron knife with a similarly shaped blade and a hilt plate (Fig. 6: 4). he diference is in the guard at the beginning of the hilt plate, which terminates in an oval plate (Gaspari 2007, 150, Fig. 2: 2; 2009, 254, Cat. No. 37b). In the shape of the blade and the hilt plate with rivets, this knife closely resembles the inds from the territory of the Scordisci, while the presence of a bronze guard at the point where the blade meets the hilt plate, which also terminates in an oval plate, characterises the knives of the Pritoka-Bela Cerkev type. he cemetery at Ribić in the Una Valley yielded similar iron knives with a curved blade, almost triangular, which sometimes has one or more grooves 364 LATE LA TÈNE WARRIOR GRAVE FROM MALI BILAČ (POŽEGA VALLEY, CROATIA) (Fig. 6: 1,2). heir lat hilt plates have various numbers of rivets (Čurčić 1900, Figs. 6, 14; Marić 1968, Pls. 10: 27, 21: 37). Another similar knife with a curved blade was found at Podzemelj (Fig. 6: 3) (Dular 1978, Pl. 22: 1; Božič 2001, 187, Fig. 17: 1). A similar variant with a curved blade on the territory of the Scordisci is the knife from Kupinovo. his knife has a curved blade and a lat hilt plate with a large number of small rivet holes. he hilt-guard is at the beginning of the hilt plate (Majnarić-Pandžić 1970, Pl. 13: 13). A knife of the same type was found at Sotin. he blade with a groove and the hilt-plate are separated by a guard, while the hilt plate has numerous rivets (Majnarić-Pandžić 1970, Pl. 36: 8). he sites of the Mokronog group and those on the territory of the Iapodes also yielded the long knives of the Pritoka-Bela Cerkev type, which have a curved blade with grooves on both sides and sometimes a hilt plate with a bronze guard at the point where the blade meets the hilt plate, which also terminates in an oval plate. hese knives have been dated to the Mokronog IIIb phase or LT D2 (Majnarić-Pandžić 1970, 67, Pl. 21: 3; Božič 1999, 199; Balen-Letunić 2006, 69; Gaspari 2007, 150, note 64; 2009, 254, Cat. No. 37c). Warrior graves on the territory of the Padea-Panagjurski Kolonii group very oten contained knives of the sica type, with a curved blade. hese have blades and handles that oten bear decoration. he sica knives also had a certain symbolic signiicance and were used for a considerably long time, during the 2nd and 1st centuries BC (Rustoiu, 2002, 37–42, Figs. 39, 40, 41: 2–5, 42; 2007; Borangic 2009; Łuczkiewicz, Schönfelder 2011, 165–170). All these types of knives suggest that each region used a characteristic type of knife with a curved blade. For the material heritage of the Scordisci during the Belgrade 3a phase or LT D1, one of the typical forms is a knife with an elongated triangular blade and a lat hilt plate of the Sotin type, which includes the knife from Paka. hese knives have also been documented in neighbouring regions, for instance in south-eastern Transdanubia or in the central part of the Sava Valley, with further analogies at cemeteries in the Una Valley, Bela Krajina and the Ljubljanica river. Campanian workshops, are buckets, pans, ladles and strainers, while other forms appear less frequently. he most common ind are ladles of the Pescate type (Popović 1992, 64–66, Fig. 4; Dizdar, Radman-Livaja 2004). he irst vessel from Mali Bilač survives as a small bronze fragment with a P-shaped rim, two horizontal grooves on the exterior and two horizontal grooves separated by a rib on the interior (Pl. 2: 3) (Dizdar, Potrebica 2003, 42). he fragment could have belonged to a strainer. Due to the fragility of strainers, usually only the handles (doigtiers and pouciers) survive. hese strainers date from the late 2nd century BC to the reign of Tiberius and were supposedly produced in north Italic or Campanian workshops. heir wide distribution, however, suggests that they could also have been produced in Celtic settlements (Guillaumet 1977, 238–245; 1991, 92–93). In Croatia, bronze strainer handles were found in the lowland settlement at Blato in Vinkovci (Dizdar 2001, Pl. 5: 12; Dizdar, Radman-Livaja 2004, 50, Pl. 2: 3), at Dalj (Majnarić-Pandžić 1970, Pl. 8: 11; Dizdar, Radman-Livaja 2004, 50, Pl. 2: 2) and Sotin (Ilkić 1999, Pl. 20: 2; 2011, Pl. 4: 3). Strainer handles have also been documented at other sites of the Scordisci: Gomolava and Ostrvo (Popović 1992, 61–62, Fig. 1) and Panjevački rit (Stojić 2004, 234, Pl. 15: 7). A similar rim, with two grooves, can be seen on a fragment of a bronze strainer from the Staré Hradisko oppidum (Meduna 1961, 4, Cat. No. 602–44, Pl. 1: 1). A silver strainer from a hoard at Arcisate, dated to the irst half of the 1st century BC, similarly to the fragment from Mali Bilač, has two horizontal grooves below the rim on the interior (Agostinetti 1985, 192–193, Fig. 3; 2000, 99, Figs. 2C, 6). The second vessel from Mali Bilač is a bronze bucket. It survives as a bent iron rod of a polygonal cross section and lattened round terminals with a hole, while one hole also holding part of a rivet (Pl. 2: 4). he rod forms part of the handle’s suspension. he bucket originally had two semicircular iron rods, which were bent around the neck, while their terminals, but also the loop for suspending the handle, were fastened with a river at both ends. A bucket of this type was found in Grave I at Zmajevac in Sotin, in one of the Late La Tène cremation graves that contained weapons, jewellery, costume items and bronze vessels found at the beginning of the 20th century. It was, more precisely, found in double Grave I that revealed the cremated remains placed inside the bronze bucket together with other goods and covered by a bronze pan. he bucket was made from a single sheet of bronze and has two semicircular iron rods around the neck fastened by rivets that also held the loop through which the hooked ends of the handle were inserted. he rod terminals bear stylised zoomorphic heads (Fig. 8: 1). It is believed that the semicircular rods account for secondary repairs ater the original ones broke of (Majnarić-Pandžić BRONZE VESSELS he Mali Bilač site yielded fragments of two metal vessels that were found on the surface. hey probably formed part of the grave group of the double warrior Grave 1. Bronze vessels, which were used for wine drinking, appear in LT D1 warrior graves of the Scordisci (Božič 1981, 320, Forms 49–51). he largest number of such vessels was documented in the rich graves of the Karaburma cemetery (Todorović 1972). he most frequent forms, which are considered to be a product of north Italic or 365 Marko DIZDAR, Hrvoje POTREBICA Fig. 7: Finds from Grave 8 from the Pécs-Hőerőmű cemetery (ater Maráz 2008). Sl. 7: Nalazi iz groba 8 s groblja Pécs-Hőerőmű (prema Maráz 2008). 1972–1973, 60–61, Pl. 1: 6). he grave also revealed a bronze pan and a handle of a Pescate type A simpulum (Majnarić-Pandžić 1972–1973; 1996; Dizdar, RadmanLivaja 2004, 50–51, Pl. 1). From Karaburma, a stray ind of a bucket is known, more precisely of two semicircular iron rods of a round cross section and a handle that terminates in knobs (Fig. 8: 3) (Todorović 1971, 163, Pl. 76: 1). An unknown site 366 LATE LA TÈNE WARRIOR GRAVE FROM MALI BILAČ (POŽEGA VALLEY, CROATIA) Fig. 8: Bronze buckets from Sotin (ater Majnarić-Pandžić 1996) (1), unknown site in Serbia (ater Ratković 2005) (2) and Karaburma (ater Todorović 1971) (3). Scale 1:6. Sl. 8: Brončana vedra iz Sotina (prema Majnarić-Pandžić 1996) (1), nepoznatoga nalazišta u Srbiji (prema Ratković 2005) (2) i Karaburme (prema Todorović 1971) (3). M. = 1:6. in Serbia yielded a conical bronze bucket with a prominent shoulder and two semicircular iron rods around the neck fastened with rivets together with suspension loops that held the hooked ends of a handle of oval cross section (Fig. 8: 2) (Ratković 2005, 14, 47, Cat. No. 1.2). he mentioned Grave 8 of the Pécs-Hőerőmű cemetery yielded the upper part of a bucket, i.e. the rim and two semicircular rods around the neck fastened with rivets together with suspension loops. he handle terminates in knobs (Fig. 7). he grave further contained a spearhead with grooves along the blade edges, which dates the grave to LT D1 (Maráz 2008, 86, Fig. 11: 6). Such rods were also found around the neck of the bronze bucket from the cremation grave at Zubowice in Poland. hese rods have lattened round terminals fastened with rivets together with the suspension loops for the handle. Buckets of this type date from the second half of the 2nd century BC onwards, while the one from Zubowice is considered to be a product of a Celtic workshop from the irst half of the 1st century BC (Wielowiejski 1985, 157, Fig. 2). Bronze buckets with rounded or conical bodies and two semicircular rods around the neck holding the suspension loops for the handle were found at sites from Spain through France, in particularly great numbers at Vieille-Toulouse, but also at sites from Italy to Poland. hey date to the second half of the 2nd and beginning of the 1st century BC (Bolla, Boube, Guillaumet 1991, 11–13, Figs. 1, 5). Bronze vessels such as the one from Mali Bilač were found in graves of prominent warriors of the Scordisci, probably as part of symposium sets used during feasts. his is best documented by the inds from the Late La Tène cremation graves with weapons at Karaburma (Todorović 1972). hese graves also revealed ceramic vessels of local origin, especially kantharoi. Bronze vessels could have reached the local elite as items of trade and exchange, but also as gits to the leading members of a community in attempts at establishing complex political and economic relations and secure the control of important communications used in the trade and exchange of goods (Dizdar 2006). Finds in the graves of the Scordiscan warrior elite conirm the connection between the social system and the circulation of prestige goods, in which the possession of these goods represented a social requirement in terms of displaying the status and position within a community (Egri, Rustoiu 2008). he bronze vessels probably reached the Scordiscan territory together with wine and olive oil that, according to Strabo (4.6.10; 5.1.8; 7.5.2), came from northern Italy and was traded with the tribes along the Danube (Scordisci) for cattle, slaves and leather. Vessels arrived by a caravan route leading from Aquileia to Nauportus (Vrhnika), where goods were loaded onto ships and transported via the Ljubljanica and Sava rivers through Segestica all the way to the Danube region (Dizdar, Radman-Livaja 2004). Finds along the Sava Valley conirm the importance of this communication route that connected the east and the west, i.e. the Danube Basin with the south-eastern Alpine region and northern Italy. 367 Marko DIZDAR, Hrvoje POTREBICA CERAMIC VESSELS he inds from Mali Bilač have close analogies in the inds from the cemeteries of the Scordisci, which contained numerous weapons, but also bronze vessels and horse gear that can be associated with the warrior class. hey also show similarities with the goods of the warrior graves from the cemeteries in south-eastern Transdanubia, but also very important connections with the Mokronog group in the south-eastern Alpine region, as documented by the shield boss of the Mokronog type. he mentioned Late La Tène burials in southern Pannonia and the south-eastern Alpine region give an insight into the social structure and economic relations of the communities living in those areas. Burials are an indication of important social and economic transformations taking place in the middle of the 2nd century BC, when warrior elites acquired the most prominent position. Warrior-horsemen must have played the leading role, with the importance of the equestrian aristocracy further suggested by objects sacriiced to the gods of war, most probably during initiation rituals or as a pledge to win in a battle (Dizdar 2012). his is evidenced by the inds from the recently discovered Scordiscan sanctuary at Osijek (Filipović 2010) and from the Ljubljanica river (Gaspari 2007; 2009). he existence of contacts with other regions raises the question of the identity of the warriors buried at Mali Bilač, especially when we consider that the Požega Valley represents the western part of the zone controlled by the Scordisci. he Scordisci were probably in some way connected with the Breuci, settled in the central part of the Sava Valley, who were a tribe of south Pannonian origin. he community of the Scordisci, just like in the neighbouring Padea Panagjurski Kolonii group, probably comprised various ethnic identities that were, nonetheless, united by a warrior aristocracy (Sîrbu, Rustoiu 1999; Rustoiu 2005; 2008; Łuczkiewicz, Schönfelder 2011; Dizdar 2012). he elites of various indigenous communities were also included in this complex social network, in which they preserved certain features of their own distinct identity, but also took over the external features of the social position they acquired. he Late La Tène warrior aristocracy, regardless of various tribal identities, most probably represented the basic political and economic power of the society. his aristocracy was also the main agent of various ritual acts through which, besides the deposition of numerous objects into graves, they displayed the strength, inluence and power they wielded. he destroyed double warrior grave from Mali Bilač in the eastern part of the Požega Valley enabled us to partly understand this complex social and ritual relationship, which marked the development of the Late Iron Age in the southern Pannonian Plain. he 2003 ield surveying carried out at Mali Bilač revealed fragments of various ceramic vessels. hey were collected on the surface around the cemetery. here were fragments of coarse graphite pottery that belong to at least two situlate pots with an elongated D-shaped rim, as well as a wide horizontal groove and a rib below the rim (Pl. 3: 2–5). A few fragments belong to the lat base of a larger situla pot. Fragments of the body of both pots bear dense vertical combed decoration. Other collected fragments belong to a dark grey and wheel-thrown bowl (Pl. 3: 1). he bowl has an S-proile with an everted rim and a low ring foot. his is one of the most common pottery shapes in the Late La Tène settlements and cemeteries of the Scordisci in eastern Slavonia, Syrmia, southern Bačka and northern Serbia (Majnarić-Pandžić 1996; Dalić 1998; Dizdar 2001a; Popović 2001; 2003). Graphite situlate pots with vertical combed decoration are numerously represented in the settlements of the Scordisci. he woman’s Grave 39 in Karaburma, dated to the Belgrade 3a phase with a Karaburma 39 type ibula and a Laminci type belt, for example, yielded a similar coarseware pot with vertical combed decoration (Todorović 1972, Pl. 15: 1). In the Late La Tène-Roman cemetery at Pécs-Hőerőmű, which revealed other similarities with the inds from Mali Bilač, yielded numerous situlate pots with dense combed decoration (Maráz 2008, Fig. 12: 6,9,10). CONCLUSION During the Late Iron Age, the eastern part of the Požega Valley and the communication along the Sava and then the Orljava and Londža rivers was probably controlled by the Scordisci. Until recently, only a few inds from this period have been known. hese are mostly surface inds that could either have come from destroyed graves or from lowland settlements. Recently, a very prominent site from the Late La Tène period has been discovered at Mali Bilač, located on the northwestern slopes of Mount Dilj. In the area of a modern cemetery at Mali Bilač, a rich double warrior grave with only partially surviving goods was found. Its chronological attribution and place within the communication network is primarily indicated by the metal inds, i.e. swords and scabbards, a shield boss, a ibula and fragments of bronze vessels, which enable us to date the grave to the Late La Tène – LT D1 (Belgrade 3a phase), in absolute terms probably toward the end of the 2nd and beginning of the 1st century BC. Contemporary inds came to light at nearby site of Paka, which attest to to the importance of the communication route along the Orljava and Londža rivers in the eastern Požega Valley. Proof-reading: Andreja Maver 368 LATE LA TÈNE WARRIOR GRAVE FROM MALI BILAČ (POŽEGA VALLEY, CROATIA) Fig. 9: Sites with inds of the Lt D1 swords and scabbards in South Pannonia and south-eastern Alpine region. Sl. 9: Nalazi mačeva i korica starije faze kasnoga latena − Lt D1 u južnoj Panoniji i jugoistočnoj alpskoj regiji. LIST OF SITES WITH FINDS OF THE LT D1 SWORDS AND SCABBARDS (South Pannonia and south-eastern Alpine region) (Fig. 9) 17 Novi Banovci: Majnarić-Pandžić 1970, 37−38, Pl. 29: 6; Todorović 1974, 157, Fig. 112. 18 Novo mesto – Beletov vrt, Grave 169: Schaaff 1980, 400−401, Fig. 4; Knez 1992, 60, Pls. 60: 4, 104. 19 Pécs – Hőerőmű, Grave 8: Maráz 2008, 70, Fig. 10: 4,5. 20 Ritopek – Dalekovod: Todorović 1967, 156, Pl. 5: 16; Tasić 1992, 124, Pl. 19: 57. 21 Roje, Grave I: Knez 1977, Pl. 2: 1. 22 Roje, Grave II: Knez 1977, Pl. 3: 8. 23 Roje, Grave 45: Knez 1977, Pl. 14: 1. 24 Roje: Knez 1977, Pl. 7: 1−4,6. 25 Véménd: Hunyady 1942, Pl. 17: 3; Maráz 2008, 70, Fig. 9: 1. 26 Zvečka – Jendek: Todorović 1966, 61, Pl. 9: 3−6; 1971, 31−32, Pl. 21: 3−6; Tasić 1992, 124, Pl. 18: 56. Sword in scabbard 1 Beograd − Karaburma, Grave 13: Todorović 1972, 14, Pls. 5: 1,2, 45: 2; Tasić 1992, 124, Pl. 19: 58. 2 Beograd – Karaburma, Grave 92: Todorović 1972, 30, 31, Pl. 27: 8,9. 3 Beograd – Karaburma, Grave 97: Todorović 1972, 32, Pl. 30: 12. 4 Beograd – Karaburma, Grave 222: Todorović 1972, 39, Pl. 38: 1. 5 Beška: Knežević-Jovanović 2003, 290, Pl. 5: 2. 6 Cserkút: Maráz 2008, 68, Fig. 5: 2−3. 7 Dobrava pri Dobrniču, Tumulus 6: Stare 1973a, 745, 761, cat. no. 118−119, Pl. 12: 1−2. 8 Hird – Homokbánya: Petres 1979, 193. 9 Hrtkovci: Dautova Ruševljan, Vujović 2006, 50, 86, cat. nos. 14−16, Fig. 24. 10 Kostolac – Dunavac: Jacanović 1997, 128, Pl. 1: 5. 11 Krog – Pod kotom-sever: Kerman 2009, 285, Fig. 4; 2011, 46, 212,213. 12 Ljubljanica: Gaspari 2007, 145, Fig, 2: 1; 2009, 246−248, cat. no. 30−31. 13 Magdalenska gora, Grave V/42: Frey, Gabrovec 1969, 18, note 47, Pl. 4: 2; Hencken 1978, 40, Fig. 163c. 14 Mali Bilač: Dizdar, Potrebica 2002, 113−114, 116, 123, Fig. 2. 15 Mokronog, Grave 1: Guštin 1977, 72, Pl. 9: 2; 1984, 331−333, Fig. 22: 3. 16 Mokronog: Gabrovec 1966, Pls. 2: 1a,b, 3: 1, 4: 2. Sword 27 Bled: Gabrovec 1966a, 248, Pl. 8: 9. 28 Boljevci: Majnarić-Pandžić 1970, 16, Pl. 2: 3. 29 Gaćište: Dizdar 2009, Fig. 1. 30 Kupinovo: Majnarić-Pandžić 1970, 29, Pl. 11: 1. 31 Lukovica: Gabrovec 1965, 103, Pl. 13: 1−3. 32 Malino: Majnarić-Pandžić 1970, 63, Pl. 21: 1. 33 Metlika – Pungart: Šribar 1976, 328, T. 12: 1. 34 Vršac – Ostrovo: Menghin 1926−1927, 28, Fig. 6; Hunyady 1942, Pl. 46: 6; Todorović 1965, 74; 1968, 26, 67, 151, Pl. 48: 7. Scabbard 35 Vrhnika – Dolge njive: Horvat 1990, 265, cat. no. 94, Pl. 4: 14; Horvat, Mušič 2007, 167, Fig. 6: 5. 369 Marko DIZDAR, Hrvoje POTREBICA the Roman province of Pannonia. − BAR. International series 2393, 117–136. DIZDAR, M., H. POTREBICA 2002, Latenska kultura na prostoru Požeške kotline. – Opuscula Archaeologica 26, 111–131. DIZDAR, M., H. POTREBICA 2003, Groblje latenske kulture u Malom Bilaču (Požega). – Obavijesti HAD 35/2, 40–43. DIZDAR, M., I. 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Metalni nalazi – mačevi i korice, umbo, ibula te ulomci brončanih posuda, imaju važnu ulogu u kronološkom određenju groba kao i deiniranju položaja u komunikacijskoj mreži, omogućavajući njegovo datiranje u stariju fazu kasnoga latena – LT D1. Usporedbe za nalaze iz Maloga Bilača dokumentirane su na grobljima Skordiska, koji su vjerojatno kontrolirali istočni dio Požeške kotline povezan sa srednjom Posavinom. Naoružanje ukazuje kako se radi o pokopu istaknutih ratnika koji su prikazivali svoj status kroz posjedovanje prestižnih dobara kao što su brončane posude. Ove su posude pristigle trgovinom i razmjenom koju je kontrolirala kasnolatenska ratnička elita, bez obzira na pripadnost različitim identitetima, Marko Dizdar Institut za arheologiju Ulica Ljudevita Gaja 32 HR-10000 Zagreb marko.dizdar@iarh.hr Hrvoje Potrebica Odsjek za arheologiju Filozofskog fakulteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu Ivana Lučića 3 HR-10000 Zagreb hpotrebi@fzg.hr 373 Marko DIZDAR, Hrvoje POTREBICA LATE LA TÈNE WARRIOR GRAVE FROM MALI BILAČ (POŽEGA VALLEY, CROATIA) Pl. 2: Finds from Mali Bilač. T. 2: Nalazi iz Maloga Bilača. Pl. 1: Swords and scabbards from Mali Bilač. T. 1: Mačevi i korice iz Maloga Bilača. 375 Marko DIZDAR, Hrvoje POTREBICA Pl. 3: Finds from Mali Bilač. T. 3: Nalazi iz Maloga Bilača. 376